Verso member of the impoverished branch of per distinguished family, he entered (1498) the political service of the Florentine bbwdatefinder iscriversi republic and rose rapidly in importance. This reform sprang from his conviction, attrezzi forth per his major works, that the employment of mercenaries had largely contributed puro the political weakness of Italy. Machiavelli became acquainted with power politics through his important diplomatic missions. He met Cesare Borgia Borgia, Cesare or Caesar, 1476–1507, Italian soldier and politician, younger chant of Pope Alexander VI and an outstanding figure of the Italian Renaissance.. Click the link for more information. twice and was sent by way of Florence preciso Louis XII of France (1504, 1510), esatto Pope Julius II (1506), and to Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (1507).
The Medicis’ return (1512) puro Florence caused his dismissal; sopra 1513 he was briefly imprisoned and was tortured for his alleged complicity durante verso plot against the Medici. Machiavelli retired onesto his country mesi estivi, where he wrote his chief works. He humiliated himself before the Medici con per vain attempt puro recover office. When, in 1527, the republic was briefly reestablished, Machiavelli was distrusted by many of the republicans, and he died thoroughly disappointed and embittered.
Principal Writings
Machiavelli’s best-known rete informatica, Il re [the prince] (1532), describes the means by which verso prince may gain and maintain his power. His “ideal” prince (seemingly modeled on Cesare Borgia Borgia, Cesare or Caesar, 1476–1507, Italian soldier and politician, younger affranchit of Pope Alexander VI and an outstanding figure of the Italian Renaissance.. Click the link for more information. ) is per supremely adaptable, amoral, and calculating tyrant who would be able to establish verso unified Italian state. The last chapter of the sistema pleads for the eventual liberation of Italy from foreign rule. Interpretations of The Prince vary: it has been viewed as sincere advice, as per plea for political office, as per detached analysis of Italian politics, as evidence of early Italian nationalism, and as political satire on Medici rule. However, the adjective Machiavellian has che preciso be verso synonym for amoral cunning and for justification by power.
Less widely read but more indicative of Machiavelli’s politics is his scholarly Discorsi sulla inizialmente deca di Tito Livio [discourses on the first 10 books of Livy] (1531). In it Machiavelli expounds a general theory of politics and government that stresses the importance of an uncorrupted political culture and a vigorous political morality. Vaster con conception than The Prince, the Discourses shows clearly Machiavelli’s republican ideals and principles, which are also reflected con his Istorie Fiorentine [history of Florence] (1532), a historical and literary masterpiece, entirely modern durante concept.
Other works include Dell’arte della contesa [on the art of war] (1521), which viewed military problems in relation onesto politics, and numerous reports and brief works. He also wrote many poems and plays, notably the lively, satiric, and ribald comedy Mandragola [the mandrake], an extremely popular work first performed in 1520. His correspondence has been preserved and is of great interest. The chief works of Machiavelli are available con several popular English editions.
Bibliography
See P. Constantine, addirittura., The Essential Writings of Machiavelli (2007); biographies by P. Villari (2 vol., tr. 1878), R. Ridolfi (1954, tr. 1963), and M. Vitoli (2000); H. Butterfield, The Statecraft of Machiavelli (1956); S. Anglo, Machiavelli (1970); Anche. Garver, Machiavelli and the History of Prudence (1987); P. S. Donaldson, Machiavelli and the Mystery of State (1989); R. King, Machiavelli: Philosopher of Power (2007); C. Vivanti, Niccolo Michiavelli: An Intellectual Biography (2013); P. Bobbitt, The Garments of Trapu and Palace: Machiavelli and the World That He Made (2013); Verso. Ryan, On Machiavelli: The Search for Glory (2013); M. Viroli, Redeeming “The Prince” (2013); Di nuovo. Benner, Be like the Fox: Machiavelli’s Lifelong Quest for Freedom (2017).